Positive Psychology
Seligman, Csikszentmihalyi, Fredrickson
The empirical tradition. Twenty-five years of randomized trials on what increases sustained well-being, organized around Seligman’s PERMA framework: positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment. Its strength is the evidence base. Its limitation is what evidence cannot measure.
Humanistic Psychology
Rogers, Maslow, Jung, White, Banks
The human-science tradition, in the broad Diltheyan sense that includes depth, narrative, and relational-cultural lineages. Rogers named the three conditions under which growth occurs in another person: unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, congruence. Maslow mapped the developmental concerns whose neglect surfaces as symptom. Jung named the shadow — the disowned material that returns through projection until it is met directly. White and Epston worked with the stories people tell about themselves and what those stories make impossible. Amy Banks operationalized Relational-Cultural Theory through the neuroscience of connection. The lineage assumes the organism already knows what it requires; the work is removing what blocks the knowing.
Existential Psychology
Yalom, Frankl, May, van Deurzen
The depth tradition. Yalom’s four givens — death, freedom, isolation, meaninglessness — are the conditions every human faces, and the symptoms that bring people to therapy are usually a flight from one or more of them. Frankl found in the camps that meaning could be made even where comfort could not. The work here is not removing suffering but standing inside it without flinching.
Fundamental Well-Being
J. Martin, Adyashanti, Loch Kelly
The contemplative tradition. Jeffery Martin’s research on persistent non-symbolic experience maps a phenomenological territory long described in Buddhist, Vedantic, and Christian-mystical literature: a baseline shift in which the sense of being a separate doer attenuates and well-being persists across pleasant and unpleasant. The map is descriptive, not prescriptive; the practices are trainable.